Unit 14 Terms

 The Impact of Nationalism (mid 1800s-1914) 

Ausgleich:  the compromise established in 1867 to change the empire of Austria into the Dual Monarchy of Austria and Hungary in order to satisfy the demands of the Hungarian nationalists.

 Austro-Prussian War:  two nations disputed the administration of provinces taken from Denmark in the Danish War of 1864; also known as the Seven Weeks War.

 autocracy:  a form of government in which one person exercises unlimited power.

 Autonomy:  self-governing without being completely independent; a nation may have its own government while remaining subject to another nation. 

“blood and iron” which he stated that the goal of German unification can best be achieved by war.

 Carbonari:  a secret society in Italy that encouraged nationalist outbreaks in the 1820s and 1830s to establish a republic; the rebellions were crushed by Austrian troops.

 Congress of Vienna:  Napoleon; the Congress of Vienna ignored nationalism in redrawing the

 Danish War:  Prussia convinced Austria to conduct a joint war in 1864 to take the German-speaking provinces of Schleswig and Holstein from Denmark; Prussia and Austria soon quarreled over the administration of the two provinces they had acquired. 

Dual Monarchy:  in 1867, Austria agreed to change the empire into two kingdoms of Austria and  Hungary with the Hapsburg monarch reigning over both nations; Hungary was given a parliament to govern local affairs while the monarch controlled foreign policy, the military, and the budget for both nations. 

Ems Dispatch:  Bismarck describing a conversation between the king and the French ambassador regarding succession to the Spanish throne; Bismarck edited the telegram to give the impression that France made unreasonable demands on Prussia and released it for publication; the event triggered a French declaration of war. 

Franco-Prussian War:  Prussia easily defeated France after France declared war in 1870; a treaty in 187l required France to cede the border provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany, and to pay a large claim for damages with German troops occupying Paris until the money was paid.

 German Confederation:  created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815; the number of German states was reduced from the hundreds of  kingdoms and principalities before the Napoleonic era to thirty-eight, with Austria as the president of the confederation  of German rulers and Prussia the vice-president.

 Hapsburg:  the ruling family of Austria from 1438, and of Austria-Hungary from 1867 until 1918 when Austria and Hungary became republics.

 Hohenzollern:  the ruling family of Germany from 1415 as the elector of Brandenburg, from 1525 as the king of Prussia, and from 1871 as the emperor of Germany until 1918 when Germany became a republic.

 home rule:  self-government or limited autonomy in local affairs while subject to an outside higher ruling authority; as when the Irish sought home rule in the 19^th century. 

Junker:  the Prussian aristocracy of landowners who also held positions as high officers in the Prussian military.

 Machiavellian:  derives from the Renaissance statesman Niccolo Machiavelli who wrote “The Prince,” a description of the use of power to achieve political goals; a willingness to do whatever is necessary to achieve political goals without regard for scruples or morality.

 militarism:  a glorification of military ideals and organizations; a policy of aggressive military preparedness.

 nationalism:  the sense of unity and identity held by an ethnic group with a common culture, history, and language, often expressed by the desire of a group for self-government; patriotism or loyaly to the nation.

 North German Confederation:  formed in 1867 when Prussia annexed some German states and forced others to join; all German states except four south German states were included in the confederation dominated by Prussia. 

plebiscite:  a popular vote on a proposal or an issue, not a vote to elect a person to public office.

 Realpolitik:  a German expression; policy makers should do whatever is necessary to accomplish what has to be done in the national interest without regard to sentiment or ideology.

 Red Shirts:  Garibaldi’s volunteer army that invaded Sicily in 1860 and conquered the kingdom of Two Sicilies.

Risorgimento:  Italian nationalist movement spearheaded by Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Camillo Cavour, and Guiseppe Garibaldi.

 Savoy:  the ruling family of Sardinia-Piedmont from 1720 and of Italy from 1861 until 1946 when Italy became a republic; a province on the French –Italian border that was ceded to France in 1859 in return for French assistance in the Austro-Sardinian War.

 Seven Weeks War:  the war between Austria and Prussia in 1866 that lasted only seven weeks because Prussia’s military was better trained and equipped; also known as the Austro-Prussian War.

 “Young Italy”:  a society formed by Giuseppe Mazzini in 1831 to promote democratic and nationalist ideals in Italy.

 Zollverein:  established in 1834 as an economic organization of German states to reduce tariffs among the states, and encourage trade and economic interdependence within Germany; showed Germans the benefits of unity.